Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to various microorganisms and reduction of gastro-intestinal discomfort (ID 1030, 2956, 2958, 2961, 2963, 2966, 2970), decreasing potentially pathogenic
gastro-intestinal microorganisms (ID 1030, 2956, 2958, 2961, 2963, 2966, 2970), improved lactose digestion (ID 1030, 2956, 2958, 2961, 2963, 2966,
2970), “intestinal flora/digestive health” (ID 4231), defence against vaginal pathogens (ID 2950, 2957, 2967) and increasing IL-10 production and/or
enhancing the activity of natural killer cells (ID 2960, 2962, 2971) (further assessment) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006[sup]1[/sup]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA)2, 3
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy
ABSTRACT
Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to provide a scientific opinion on health claims pursuant to Article 13 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 in the framework of further assessment related to various microorganisms and reduction of gastro-intestinal discomfort, decreasing potentially pathogenic gastro-intestinal microorganisms, improved lactose digestion, “intestinal flora/digestive health”, defence against vaginal pathogens and increasing IL-10 production and/or enhancing the activity of natural killer cells. The food constituents Lactobacillus crispatus BCCM/LMG P-17631, Lactobacillus gasseri BCCM/LMG P-17632, Lactobacillus gasseri BCCM/LMG P- 18137, Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-1687, Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-1688, Lactobacillus plantarum BCCM/LMG P-17630, Lactobacillus salivarius CNCM I-1794 and a combination of Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis Bf-6 and Lactobacillus johnsonii La-1 (ACD-1)(CLbA22) are sufficiently characterised. The evidence provided did not establish that the proposed claimed effect, increasing IL-10 production and/or enhancing the activity of natural killer cells, is a beneficial physiological effect. The claimed effect “intestinal flora/digestive health” is general and non-specific, and does not refer to any specific health claim as required by Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. The references provided in relation to the claims evaluated in this opinion
Słowa kluczowe:
Bifidobacterium animalis ssp
CNCM I-1687
CNCM I-1688
CNCM I-1794
Lactobacillus crispatus
Lactobacillus gasseri
Lactobacillus paracasei
Lactobacillus plantarum
Lactobacillus salivarius
P-17630
P-17631
P-17632
P-18137
1. Charakterystyka żywności / składnika
1.1. Lactobacillus crispatus BCCM/LMG P-17631 (ID1030, 2950)
The food constituent that is the subject of the proposed health claims is Lactobacillus crispatus BCCM/LMG P-17631.
For L. crispatus BCCM/LMG P-17631, a culture collection number from the Belgian Co-ordinated Collections of Microorganisms (BCCM/LMG P-17631) was provided. The BCCM/LMG is an internationally recognised culture collection which has the status of an International Depositary Authority under the Budapest Treaty. In the LMG, cultures can be deposited in a restricted-access collection for safe deposit or for patent purposes. Data on the identification and characterisation of L. crispatus BCCM/LMG P-17631 at species and strain level, by different phenotypic (carbohydrate fermentation profiles, PAGE) and genotypic (16S rRNA gene sequence analyses, plasmidic profile, ARDRA, Rep-PCR, AFLP) methods, were provided in the applications for further assessment and in the accompanying references (AAT, 2011a, unpublished, 2011b, unpublished; BCCM/LMG, 1997, unpublished; Dondi and Morelli, 1999, 2002; Morelli, 1997, unpublished).
The Panel considers that the food constituent that is the subject of the proposed health claims, L. crispatus BCCM/LMG P-17631, is sufficiently characterised.
1.2. Lactobacillus gasseri BCCM/LMG P-17632 (ID 2956)
The food constituent that is the subject of the proposed health claims is Lactobacillus gasseri BCCM/LMG P-17632.
For L. gasseri BCCM/LMG P-17632, a culture collection number from the BCCM/LMG, P-17632, was provided. Data on the identification and characterisation of L. gasseri BCCM/LMG P-17632 at species and strain level, by different phenotypic (carbohydrate fermentation profiles, PAGE) and genotypic (16S rRNA gene sequence analyses, ARDRA, Rep-PCR, PFGE) methods, were provided in
the application for further assessment and in the accompanying references (AAT, 2011c, unpublished; BCCM/LMG, 1997, unpublished; Dondi and Morelli, 1999, 2002; Morelli, 1997, unpublished).
The Panel considers that the food constituent that is the subject of the proposed health claims, L. gasseri BCCM/LMG P-17632, is sufficiently characterised.
1.3. Lactobacillus gasseri BCCM/LMG P-18137 (ID 2957, 2958)
The food constituent that is the subject of the proposed health claims is Lactobacillus gasseri BCCM/LMG P-18137.
For L. gasseri BCCM/LMG P-18137, a culture collection number from the BCCM/LMG, P-18137, was provided. Data on the identification and characterisation of L. gasseri BCCM/LMG P-18137 at species and strain level, by different phenotypic (carbohydrate fermentation profiles) and genotypic (16S rRNA gene sequence analyses, ARDRA, Rep-PCR, PFGE) methods, were provided in the applications for further assessment and in the accompanying references (AAT, 2011d, unpublished; BCCM/LMG, 1998, unpublished; Dondi and Morelli, 1999, 2002).
The Panel considers that the food constituent that is the subject of the proposed health claims, L. gasseri BCCM/LMG P-18137, is sufficiently characterised.
1.4. Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-1687 (ID 2960, 2961)
The food constituent that is the subject of the proposed health claims is Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-1687.
For L. paracasei CNCM I-1687, a culture collection number from the French National Collection of Cultures of Microorganisms (CNCM I-1687) was provided. The CNCM is a restricted-access non- public collection which has the status of an International Depositary Authority under the Budapest Treaty. Data on the identification and characterisation of L. paracasei CNCM I-1687 at species and strain level, by different phenotypic (carbohydrate fermentation profiles) and genotypic (16S rRNA gene sequence analyses, plasmidic profile, ARDRA, Rep-PCR, AFLP) methods, were provided in the applications for further assessment and in the accompanying references (AAT, 2011b, unpublished, 2011e, unpublished; Morelli, 1996, unpublished; Morelli, 1997, unpublished).
The Panel considers that the food constituent that is the subject of the proposed health claims, L. paracasei CNCM I-1687, is sufficiently characterised.
1.5. Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-1688 (ID 2962, 2963)
The food constituent that is the subject of the proposed health claims is Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-1688.
For L. paracasei CNCM I-1688, a culture collection number from the CNCM, I-1688, was provided. Data on the identification and characterisation of L. paracasei CNCM I-1688 at species and strain level, by different phenotypic (carbohydrate fermentation profiles) and genotypic (16S rRNA gene sequence analyses, plasmidic profile, ARDRA, RAPD, Rep-PCR, PFGE) methods, were provided in the applications for further assessment and in the accompanying references (AAT, 2011f, unpublished; Bonetti et al., 2002; Morelli, 1996, unpublished; Morelli, 1997, unpublished).
The Panel considers that the food constituent that is the subject of the proposed health claims, L. paracasei CNCM I-1688, is sufficiently characterised.
1.6. Lactobacillus plantarum BCCM/LMG P-17630 (ID 2966, 2967)
The food constituent that is the subject of the proposed health claims is Lactobacillus plantarum BCCM/LMG P-17630.
For L. plantarum BCCM/LMG P-17630, a culture collection number from the BCCM/LMG, P-17630, was provided. Data on the identification and characterisation of L. plantarum BCCM/LMG P-17630 at species and strain level, by different phenotypic (carbohydrate fermentation profile, antibiotic resistance pattern, PAGE) and genotypic (16S rRNA gene sequence analyses, ARDRA, Rep-PCR, PFGE, genome sequencing) methods, were provided in the applications and in the accompanying references (AAT, 2011g, unpublished; BCCM/LMG, 1997, unpublished; Dho et al., 2003; Dondi, 2000; Escorsell, 2007; Morelli, 1997, unpublished; Semiautomatic Genome Annotation, 2010, unpublished).
The Panel considers that the food constituent that is the subject of the proposed health claims, L. plantarum BCCM/LMG P-17630, is sufficiently characterised.
1.7. Lactobacillus salivarius CNCM I-1794 (ID 2970, 2971)
The food constituent that is the subject of the proposed health claims is Lactobacillus salivarius CNCM I-1794.
For L. salivarius CNCM I-1794, a culture collection number from the CNCM, I-1794, was provided. Data on the identification and characterisation of L. salivarius CNCM I-1794 at species and strain level, by different phenotypic (carbohydrate fermentation profiles, antibiotic resistance pattern) and genotypic (16S rRNA gene sequence analyses, plasmidic profile, ARDRA, RAPD, Rep-PCR, PFGE) methods, were provided in the applications for further assessment and in the accompanying references (AAT, 2011h, unpublished; Bonetti et al., 2002; Morelli, 1997, unpublished; Pedraglio, 2004).
The Panel considers that the food constituent that is the subject of the proposed health claims, L. salivarius CNCM I-1794, is sufficiently characterised.
1.8. Α combination of Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis Bf-6 and Lactobacillus johnsonii La-1 (ACD-1)(CLbA22) (ID 4231)
The food constituent that is the subject of the proposed health claim is a combination of Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis Bf-6 and Lactobacillus johnsonii La-1 (ACD-1)(CLbA22).
The strain B. animalis ssp. lactis Bf-6 is also known as Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis CB111. A culture collection number from the BCCM/LMG, LMG 24384, was provided. Data on the identification and characterisation of B. animalis ssp. lactis Bf-6 at species and strain level, by different genotypic (16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, RAPD, Rep-PCR, genome sequencing) methods, were provided in the application for further assessment and in the accompanying references (Cargill, 2011a, unpublished; Ehrmann, 2006, unpublished; Integrated Genomics, 2011, unpublished; MIDI Labs, 2011a, unpublished, 2011b, unpublished). The Panel considers that B. animalis ssp. lactis Bf-6 is sufficient characterised.
For L. johnsonii La-1 (ACD-1)(CLbA22), a culture collection number from the BCCM/LMG, LMG 24394, was provided. Data on the identification and characterisation of L. johnsonii La-1 (ACD- 1)(CLbA22) at species and strain level, by different genotypic (16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, RAPD, Rep-PCR) methods, were provided in the application for further assessment and in the accompanying references (Cargill, 2011b, unpublished, 2011c, unpublished; Ehrmann, 2006, unpublished). The Panel considers that L. johnsonii La-1 (ACD-1)(CLbA22) is sufficiently characterised.
The Panel considers that the food constituent that is the subject of the proposed health claims, a combination of B. animalis ssp. lactis Bf-6 and L. johnsonii La-1 (ACD-1)(CLbA22), is sufficiently characterised.
2. Znaczenie oświadczenia dla zdrowia człowieka
2.1. Zmniejszenie dolegliwości ze strony przewodu pokarmowego (ID 1030, 2956, 2958, 2961, 2963, 2966, 2970)
The claimed effect which is proposed for further assessment is: “Is a probiotic; Contributes to a healthy digestive system by supporting the gut flora through an increased number of positive lactobacillus in the intestine; useful to maintain a healthy intestinal flora by adhering to the mucosa; Improves intestinal barrier function by competing (steric encumbrance) against pathogens; Reduces gastro-intestinal discomfort; Necessary to maintain a healthy digestive system by production of specific enzymes (e.g. beta-galactosidase).” The proposed target population is the general population.
The Panel considers that reduction of gastro-intestinal discomfort is a beneficial physiological effect.
2.2. Zmniejszenie ilości potencjalnie patogennych mikroorganizmów przewodu pokarmowego (ID 1030, 2956, 2958, 2961, 2963, 2966, 2970)
The claimed effect which is proposed for further assessment is: “Is a probiotic; Contributes to a healthy digestive system by supporting the gut flora through an increased number of positive lactobacillus in the intestine; useful to maintain a healthy intestinal flora by adhering to the mucosa; Improves intestinal barrier function by competing (steric encumbrance) against pathogens; Reduces gastro-intestinal discomfort; Necessary to maintain a healthy digestive system by production of specific enzymes (e.g. beta-galactosidase).” The proposed target population is the general adult population.
The Panel notes that it is not possible to define the exact number of the different microbial groups which constitute a normal microbiota. Increasing the number of any groups of microorganisms, including lactobacilli, is not in itself considered to be a beneficial physiological effect.
The Panel assumes that the claimed effect refers to decreasing potentially pathogenic gastro-intestinal microorganisms. The Panel considers that decreasing potentially pathogenic gastro-intestinal microorganisms might be a beneficial physiological effect.
2.3. Poprawa trawienia laktozy (ID 1030, 2956, 2958, 2961, 2963, 2966, 2970)
The claimed effect which is proposed for further assessment is: “Is a probiotic; Contributes to a healthy digestive system by supporting the gut flora through an increased number of positive lactobacillus in the intestine; useful to maintain a healthy intestinal flora by adhering to the mucosa; Improves intestinal barrier function by competing (steric encumbrance) against pathogens; Reduces gastro-intestinal discomfort; Necessary to maintain a healthy digestive system by production of specific enzymes (e.g. beta-galactosidase)”. The proposed target population is the general population.
The Panel assumes that the claimed effect refers to improved lactose digestion, and that the target population is individuals with lactose maldigestion. Lactose maldigestion is a common condition caused by reduced levels of intestinal lactase.
The Panel considers that improved lactose digestion is a beneficial physiological effect for individuals with lactose maldigestion.
2.4. Flora jelitowa / zdrowe trawienie (ID 4231)
In the application submitted for further assessment of the health claim, no health relationship, wording or references for the substantiation of the health effect have been provided. The health relationship
submitted in the consolidated list for the initial assessment was “intestinal flora/digestive health”. The Panel assumes that the target population is the general population.
The Panel considers that the claimed effect is general and non-specific, and does not refer to any specific health claim as required by Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006.
2.5. Ochrona przed patogenami pochwy (ID 2950, 2957, 2967)
The claimed effect which is proposed for further assessment is: “Helps in maintaining balanced vaginal flora and pH; Contributes to a healthy colonization of the lactobacilli on the vagina; Helps to redress the healthy balanced vaginal microflora during and after the treatment of vaginal disorders”. The proposed target population is the female population.
The Panel notes that the claimed effect refers to defence against vaginal pathogens by increasing the number of lactobacilli and/or decreasing potentially pathogenic bacteria.
Unlike any other anatomical site of the body, most vaginal vaults are dominated by one or more species of Lactobacillus. In over 70 % of women, the vaginal microbiota is dominated by lactobacilli (> 50 %) (Ling et al., 2010; Ravel et al., 2011; Yamamoto et al., 2009). This microbiota is different from the more complex gut microbiota, where lactobacilli represent less than 3 % of the bacterial population (Franks et al., 1998; Lay et al., 2005; Sghir et al., 2000). The diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis (BV) can be based for example on the Nugent score (microscopic examination of Gram stained smear or vaginal discharge for bacteria and „clue‟ cells). The Panel notes that appropriate outcome measures of the claimed effect include assessment of changes in the Nugent scores. Nugent scores are estimated by measuring the relative amounts of lactobacilli and bacterial pathogens present in the vagina. A Nugent score of 0-3 is classified as normal (lactobacilli are present, but not Gardnerella/Bacteroides or curved Gram-negative bacilli), a score of 4-6 as intermediate (colonisation by Gardnerella/Bacteroides and curved Gram-variable rods [Mobiluncus]), and a score of 7-10 is indicative f BV (with domination of Gardnerella/Bacteroides or curved Gram-negative bacilli and absence of lactobacilli).
The Panel considers that defence against vaginal pathogens is a beneficial physiological effect.
2.6. Zwiększenie produkcji interleukiny 10 (IL-10) i/lub zwiększenie aktywności komórek NK (Natural Killers) (ID 2960, 2962, 2971)
The claimed effects which are proposed for further assessment are: “Supports your natural (immune) defence system by increasing the IL-10 production and enhancing NK cell activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC); Necessary to maintain the natural defences/helps to maintain a balanced immune system (increasing the IL-10 production and enhancing NK cell activity)”, and “Supports your natural (immune) defence system by increasing the IL-10 production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC); Necessary to maintain the natural defences/helps to maintain a balanced immune system (increasing the IL-10 production)”. The proposed target population is the general population.
The Panel notes that the claimed effect “supports your natural (immune) defence system /necessary to maintain the natural defences /helps to maintain a balanced immune system” is not sufficiently defined, and assumes that the claimed effect relates to increasing IL-10 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells and/or enhancing the lytic activity of natural killer cells.
The Panel notes that increasing IL-10 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells and/or enhancing the lytic activity of natural killer cells is not a beneficial physiological effect per se, but needs to be linked to a beneficial physiological or clinical outcome.
Most of the references provided in relation to these claims were on methodologies for bacterial strain identification; in vitro studies on immunomodulatory properties (i.e. lymphocyte proliferation,
phenotype of the lymphocytic subpopulations, cytokine production) (Castellazzi, 2007a, unpublished; Castellazzi et al., 2007b; Castellazzi, 2007c, unpublished); and a patent (Dondi and Malfa, 2007) which reported the results of the in vitro study by Castellazi et al. (2007a, unpublished).
In relation to ID 2962 and 2971, two references reported on the same single-arm (no control group) human intervention study (Castellazzi, 2007a, unpublished; Valsecchi et al., 2008) which investigated the effects of two strains in combination, while the single strains are the subject of the claims, on allergy symptoms (atopic dermatitis, rhino-conjunctivitis, urticaria, contact dermatitis, oral allergy syndrome and food allergies) and immunological parameters (i.e. lymphocyte population, natural killer activity and cytokine production) in 20 children with atopic disorders. The Panel notes that this single-arm study was not controlled and investigated a combination of strains rather than the single strains which are the subject of the claim, and considers that no conclusions can be drawn from this study for the scientific substantiation of the claim.
The Panel considers that the evidence provided does not establish that increasing IL-10 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells and/or enhancing the lytic activity of natural killer cells is a beneficial physiological effect.
The Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of the food constituents which are the subject of the health claims and a beneficial physiological effect related to an increase in IL-10 production and/or an enhancement of the lytic activity of natural killer cells.
3. Naukowe uzasadnienia wpływu na zdrowie człowieka -
3.1. Zmniejszenie dolegliwości ze strony przewodu pokarmowego (ID 1030, 2956, 2958, 2961, 2963, 2966, 2970
Most of the references provided in relation to these claims were on methodologies for bacterial strain identification (Jensen et al., 1993; Ventura et al., 2000), abstracts from a congress on the isolation of specific bacterial strains (Pietronave et al., 2003) or on the properties of a strain (Pietronave et al., 2004), which were unrelated to the claimed effect.
Patents on methods for the selection of Lactobacillus strains (e.g. L. crispatus P-17631, L. gasseri P-17632 and L. gasseri P-18137) with antimicrobial activity (Dondi and Morelli, 1999, 2002); patents on methods for selection of Lactobacillus strains (e.g. L. paracasei CNCM I-1687 and L. paracasei CNCM I-1688) indicated to be useful for the treatment of various disorders of the gastro-intestinal tract because of their capability to produce lactic acid (Pedraglio, 2004), or with high ability to adhere to human mucosa (e.g. L. plantarum LMG P-17630) (Dondi, 2000), or patents for the use of two bacterial strains (L. gasseri P-17632 and L. salivarius CNCM I-1794) against Candida albicans (Dondi, 2004, 2007), were also provided. One human intervention study on the viability of the strains through the human intestinal tract (Bonetti et al., 2002) and one in vitro study on the properties of the bacterial strain (i.e. growth at different temperatures and pH levels (Dho et al., 2003)) were also provided. The Panel notes that these references were unrelated to the claimed effect, and considers that no conclusions can be drawn from these references for the scientific substantiation of the claim.
The Panel notes that no human studies were provided from which conclusions could be drawn for the scientific substantiation of the claims evaluated in this section.
The Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of the food constituents which are the subject of the claims evaluated in this section and reduction of gastro-intestinal discomfort.
3.2. Zmniejszenie ilości potencjalnie patogennych mikroorganizmów przewodu pokarmowego (ID 1030, 2956, 2958, 2961, 2963, 2966, 2970)
Most of the references provided in relation to these claims were on methodologies for bacterial strain identification (Jensen et al., 1993; Ventura et al., 2000), abstracts from a congress on the isolation of specific bacterial strains (Pietronave et al., 2003) or on the properties of a strain (Pietronave et al., 2004), which were unrelated to the claimed effect.
Patents on methods for the selection of Lactobacillus strains (e.g. L. crispatus P-17631, L. gasseri P-17632 and L. gasseri P-18137) with antimicrobial activity, in which the in vitro inhibitory activity of the strain that is the subject of the claim against Candida albicans and Streptococcus β- haemolyticus was mentioned (Dondi and Morelli, 1999, 2002) were provided. Also patents on methods for the selection of Lactobacillus strains (e.g. L. paracasei CNCM I-1687 and L. paracasei CNCM I-1688) indicated to be useful for the treatment of various disorders of the gastro-intestinal tract because of their capability to produce lactic acid (Pedraglio, 2004)), or with high ability to adhere to human mucosa (e.g. L. plantarum LMG P-17630) (Dondi, 2000) were provided. Two patents for the use of L. gasseri P-17632 and L. salivarius CNCM I-1794, alone or in combination, against Candida albicans (Dondi, 2004, 2007) were also provided. The Panel notes that no primary data were provided in these patents that could be used for the substantiation of the claim. The Panel considers that no conclusions can be drawn from these references for the scientific substantiation of the claim.
One human intervention study on the viability of the strains through the human intestinal tract (Bonetti et al., 2002) and one in vitro study on the properties of the bacterial strain (i.e. growth at different temperatures and pH levels (Dho et al., 2003)) were also provided. The Panel notes that these studies did not address outcome measures related to the claimed effect, and considers that no conclusions can be drawn from these studies for the scientific substantiation of the claim.
The Panel notes that no human studies were provided from which conclusions could be drawn for the scientific substantiation of the claims evaluated in this section.
The Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of the food constituents which are the subject of the claims evaluated in this section and decreasing potentially pathogenic gastro-intestinal microorganisms.
3.3. Poprawa trawienia laktozy (ID 1030, 2956, 2958, 2961, 2963, 2966, 2970)
Patents on methods for the selection of Lactobacillus strains (e.g. L. crispatus P-17631, L. gasseri P-17632 and L. gasseri P-18137) with antimicrobial activity (Dondi and Morelli, 1999, 2002); patents on methods for selection of lactobacilli strains (e.g. L. paracasei CNCM I-1687 and L. paracasei CNCM I-1688) indicated to be useful for the treatment of various disorders of the gastro-intestinal tract because of their capability to produce lactic acid (Pedraglio, 2004), or with high ability to adhere to human mucosa (e.g. L. plantarum LMG P-17630) (Dondi, 2000), or patents for the use of two bacterial strains (e.g. L. gasseri P-17632 and L. salivarius CNCM I-1794) against Candida albicans (Dondi, 2004, 2007), were also provided. One human intervention study on the viability of the strains through the human intestinal tract (Bonetti et al., 2002) and one in vitro study on the properties of the bacterial strain (i.e. growth at different temperatures and pH levels (Dho et al., 2003)) were also provided. The Panel notes that these references were unrelated to the claimed effect, and considers that no conclusions can be drawn from these references for the scientific substantiation of the claim.
The Panel notes that no human studies were provided from which conclusions could be drawn for the scientific substantiation of the claims evaluated in this section.
The Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of the food constituents which are the subject of the claims evaluated in this section and improved lactose digestion.
3.4. Ochrona przed patogenami pochwy (ID 2950, 2957, 2967)
Most of the references provided in relation to these claims were on methodologies for bacterial strain identification (Jensen et al., 1993; Ventura et al., 2000); an abstract from a congress on the isolation of specific bacterial strains (Pietronave et al., 2003); patents on methods for selection of Lactobacillus strains (e.g. L. plantarum LMG P-17630) with high ability to adhere to human mucosa (Dondi, 2000), in vitro studies which reported on properties of the strains (e.g. adherence to vaginal epithelial cells (Bonetti et al., 2003; Culici et al., 2004; Escorsell, 2007), or on viability at different pH (Morelli, 2000)). The Panel notes that these references did not address outcome measures related to the claimed effect.
Patents on methods for the selection of Lactobacillus strains (e.g. L. crispatus P-17631, L. gasseri P-17632 and L. gasseri P-18137) with antimicrobial activity, in which the in vitro inhibitory activity of the strain that is the subject of the claim against Candida albicans and Streptococcus β- haemolyticus was mentioned (Dondi and Morelli, 1999, 2002) were provided. Patents for the use of two bacterial strains (i.e. L. gasseri P-17632 and L. salivarius CNCM I-1794) against Candida albicans (Dondi, 2004, 2007), were also provided. The Panel notes that no primary data which could be used for the scientific substantiation of the claim were provided in these patents. The Panel considers that no conclusions can be drawn from these references for the scientific substantiation of the claim
A number of human intervention studies investigated the effects of the specific strain which is the subject of the claim when the strain was administrated intravaginally (Carriero et al., 2007; Escorsell, 2007; Gianella, 2003; Nava et al., 2002). The Panel considers that studies made on substances which are not administered orally cannot be used to substantiate a claim on a food constituent.
The Panel notes that no human studies were provided from which conclusions could be drawn for the scientific substantiation of the claims evaluated in this section.
In relation to ID 2967, in vitro studies which addressed the effects of the strain that is the subject of the claim on the adhesion properties of Candida albicans to vaginal epithelia cells (Culici et al., 2004; Escorsell, 2007) were provided. The Panel considers that in the absence of evidence for an effect on defence against vaginal pathogens in humans, evidence provided in in vitro studies cannot be used alone for the scientific substantiation of a claim on defence against vaginal pathogens.
The Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of the food constituents which are the subject of the claims evaluated in this section and defence against vaginal pathogens.
Wnioski
On the basis of the data presented, the Panel concludes that:
The following food constituents are sufficiently characterised:
Lactobacillus crispatus BCCM/LMG P-17631 (ID 1030, 2950),
Lactobacillus gasseri BCCM/LMG P-17632 (ID 2956),
Lactobacillus gasseri BCCM/LMG P-18137 (ID 2957, 2958),
Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-1687 (ID 2960, 2961),
Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-1688 (ID 2962, 2963),
Lactobacillus plantarum BCCM/LMG P-17630 (ID 2966, 2967),
Lactobacillus salivarius CNCM I-1794 (ID 2970, 2971),
a combination of Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis Bf-6 and Lactobacillus johnsonii La-1 (ACD-1)(CLbA22) (ID 4231).
Reduction of gastro-intestinal discomfort (ID 1030, 2956, 2958, 2961, 2963, 2966, 2970)
The claimed effect proposed for further assessment relates to reduction of gastro-intestinal discomfort. The proposed target population is the general population. Reduction of gastro-intestinal discomfort is a beneficial physiological effect.
A cause and effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of the food constituents which are the subject of the claims and reduction of gastro-intestinal discomfort.
Decreasing potentially pathogenic gastro-intestinal microorganisms (ID 1030, 2956, 2958, 2961, 2963, 2966, 2970)
The claimed effect proposed for further assessment relates to decreasing potentially pathogenic gastro-intestinal microorganisms. The proposed target population is the general population. Decreasing potentially pathogenic gastro-intestinal microorganisms might be a beneficial physiological effect.
A cause and effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of the food constituents which are the subject of the claims and decreasing potentially pathogenic gastro- intestinal microorganisms.
Improved lactose digestion (ID 1030, 2956, 2958, 2961, 2963, 2966, 2970)
The claimed effect proposed for further assessment relates to improved lactose digestion. Improved lactose digestion is a beneficial physiological effect for individuals with lactose maldigestion.
A cause and effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of the food constituents which are the subject of the claims and improved lactose digestion.
“Intestinal flora/digestive health” (ID 4231)
No health relationship is proposed for further assessment. The health relationship submitted in the consolidated list for the initial assessment was “intestinal flora/digestive health”. The target population is assumed to be the general population.
The claimed effect is general and non-specific, and does not refer to any specific health claim as required by Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006.
Defence against vaginal pathogens (ID 2950, 2957, 2967)
The claimed effect proposed for further assessment relates to defence against vaginal pathogens by increasing the number of lactobacilli and/or decreasing potentially pathogenic bacteria. The target population is the female population. Defence against vaginal pathogens is a beneficial physiological effect.
A cause and effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of the food constituents which are the subject of the claims and defence against vaginal pathogens.
Increasing IL-10 production and/or enhancing the activity of natural killer cells (ID 2960, 2962, 2971)
The claimed effect proposed for further assessment relates to increasing the IL-10 production and/or enhancing the activity of natural killer cells. The proposed target population is the general population. The evidence provided did not establish that increasing IL-10 production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and/or enhancing the activity of natural killer cells is a beneficial physiological effect.
A cause and effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of the food constituents, which are the subject of the health claims, and a beneficial physiological effect related to an increase in IL-10 production and/or an enhancement of the lytic activity of natural killer cells.
