ID 698 -
Olej rybi
PL: Olej rybi
EN: Fish Oil
Pdf: eicosapentaenoic acid
1. Charakterystyka żywności / składnika
The food constituents which are the subject of the health claims are mixed long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA), namely docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in combination with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and, for ID 511, with docosapentaenoic acid (DPA).
The n-3 LCPUFA EPA, DHA and DPA are recognised nutrients and are measureable in foods by established methods. They are well absorbed when consumed in the form of triglycerides. This evaluation applies to EPA, DHA and, for ID 511, DPA from all sources with appropriate bioavailability in the specified amounts.
The Panel considers that the food constituents, EPA, DHA and DPA, which are the subject of the health claims are sufficiently characterised.
2.4. Utrzymanie prawidłowego stężenia cholesterolu LDL we krwi (ID 528, 698)
The claimed effect is “blood lipids”. The target population is the general population.
In the context of the proposed, the Panel assumes that the claim refers to the maintenance of normal blood triglycerides, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol concentrations.
The maintenance of normal HDL-cholesterol and blood triglyceride concentrations has been addressed in sections 2.2 and 2.3 of this Opinion, respectively.
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) carry cholesterol from the liver to peripheral tissues, including the arteries. Elevated LDL-cholesterol, by convention >160 mg/dL, may compromise the normal structure and function of the arteries.
The Panel considers that maintenance of normal LDL-cholesterol concentrations is beneficial to human health.
3.4. Utrzymanie prawidłowego stężenia cholesterolu LDL we krwi (ID 528, 698)
The effects of DHA and EPA on HDL-cholesterol and on blood triglycerides have been already assessed in sections 3.2. and 3.3.
EPA plus DHA at high doses (2-4 g/d) have multiple effects on blood lipids (Jacobson, 2008). Serum total cholesterol concentrations are generally not affected by this supplementation, but in subjects with hypertriglyceridaemia, LDL-cholesterol concentrations may be increased by 5-10% (Harris, 1997, Balk et al., 2006). The results of more recent studies agree with previous findings (Krebs et al., 2006, Hill et al., 2007).
The Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of DHA and EPA and the maintenance of normal LDL-cholesterol concentrations.
Warunki i możliwe ograniczenia stosowania oświadczenia
Adults: typical dosage should be 300-500 mg of fish-derived Omega-3 oils daily (as per WHO recommendations), typically comprised of around an approximate 60:40 ratio EPA:DHA.
Dosages of up to 2 g Omega-3 may be used, although long-term use of high doses is not recommended.
Long-term intake of fish oils may reduce vitamin E absorption, so fish oil products should include vitamin E (preferably natural, full spectrum forms containing mixed tocopherols/tocotrienols).
Oily fish which naturally contain high levels of Omega-3 fatty acids include anchovy, black cod, bluefish, halibut, kipper, mackerel, mehaden, mullet, herring, pilchard, sable fish, salmon, sardine, seal blubber, sturgeon, trout, tuna, and whale blubber. Therefore on days when whole fish is consumed, fish oil supplementation is not necessary.
Precautions: Do not exceed recommended dosage; total intakes of EPA and DHA in excess of 3000 mg daily may lead to internal bleeding.
