ID 2906 - Zamienniki kwasów tłuszczowych nasyconych

PL: Zamienniki kwasów tłuszczowych nasyconych
EN: Low or reduced saturated fat (hard fat)
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Oświadczenie (4)

Oświadczenie (2)

1. Charakterystyka żywności / składnika

The foods/food constituents that are the subject of the health claims are “unsaturated fats/fatty acids (poly and/or mono unsaturates)”, “low or reduced saturated fat (hard fat) or replacement of saturated fat with MUFA, PUFA (soft fat) low cholesterol”, “milk, yoghurt, cheese and butter products based on raw milk with an improved ratio between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and an increased level of omega 3 fatty acids due to naturally altered feeding of the cows”, “spreadable fats as defined in Article 115 and Annex XV of Council Regulation (EC) No 1234/2007” and “matière grasse laitière optimisée (beurre)”.
In the context of the proposed wordings and clarifications provided by Member States, the Panel assumes that the food constituent, which is the subject of the health claim, is saturated fatty acids (SFAs). SFAs should be replaced by cis-monounsaturated fatty acids (cis-MUFAs) or by cis-polyunsaturated fatty acids (cis-PUFAs) in foods or diets in order to obtain the claimed effect.
SFAs are aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with (generally) an even number of carbon atoms (usually from 4 to 20) and no double bonds, that can be liberated by hydrolysis of triacylglycerols from fats and oils. The most prevailing SFAs in the diet are lauric acid (12:0), myristic acid (14:0), palmitic acid (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0).
cis-MUFAs have one double bond in the fatty acid chain and the quantitatively most important representative in the diet and in tissue lipids is oleic acid (18:1 (n-9)). Humans can synthesise cis-MUFAs and they are therefore not required as such from the diet. cis-PUFAs have 2 to 6 double bonds in the fatty acid chain and the most abundant n-6 and n-3 PUFAs in the diet are linoleic acid (LA, 18:2 (n-6)) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3 (n-3)), respectively. Long-chain PUFAs are not considered in this opinion.
This opinion applies to the replacement of mixtures of SFAs as present in foods or diets with mixtures of cis-MUFAs (e.g. oleic acid) and/or mixtures of cis-PUFAs (e.g. LA and ALA).
The Panel considers that the food constituent SFAs as present in foods or diets, and the food constituents by which SFAs should be replaced in foods, i.e. mixtures of cis-MUFAs and/or mixtures of cis-PUFAs, which are the subject of the health claim, are sufficiently characterised.

2. Znaczenie oświadczenia dla zdrowia człowieka

The claimed effects are “blood cholesterol and artery/heart health”, “contribution to the maintenance of healthy total and LDL blood cholesterol levels by replacing saturated spreadable fat”, “lipides sanguins, cholestérol sanguin”, “maintains healthy LDL cholesterol levels arterial/heart health” and “decreased intake of saturated fatty acids and increased intake of unsaturated fatty acids contributes to the maintenance of a healthy heart”. The Panel assumes that the target population is the general population.
In the context of the proposed wordings and clarifications provided by Member States, the Panel assumes that the claimed effect refers to the maintenance of normal blood LDL-cholesterol concentrations.
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) carry cholesterol from the liver to peripheral tissues, including the arteries. Elevated LDL-cholesterol, by convention >160 mg/dL (>4.1 mmol/L), may compromise the normal structure and function of the arteries.
The Panel considers that maintenance of normal blood LDL-cholesterol concentrations is a beneficial physiological effect.

3. Naukowe uzasadnienia wpływu na zdrowie człowieka - Utrzymanie prawidłowego stężenia cholesterolu we krwi

The evidence provided by consensus opinions/reports from authoritative bodies and reviews shows that there is good consensus that a mixture of SFAs increases blood total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations relative to mixtures of cis-MUFAs or cis-PUFAs (EFSA, 2004; EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products Nutrition and Allergies (NDA), 2010; IoM, 2005; Lichtenstein et al., 2006; Mensink et al., 2003; WHO/FAO, 2003).
The effect shows a linear dose-response relationship with blood LDL-cholesterol concentrations, indicating that effects are proportional to the amounts of long-chain SFAs consumed. It is also well established that consumption of a mixture of SFAs results in increased blood HDL-cholesterol concentrations compared with consumption of mixtures of cis-MUFAs or cis-PUFAs, and that, in comparison with other fatty acids except trans fatty acids (TFAs), SFAs increase the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio (Mensink et al., 2003).
SFAs differ in their potency to change blood lipid and lipoprotein concentrations. While lauric, myristic and palmitic acid raise blood total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations, effects of stearic acid and of short and medium chain SFAs (with 4-10 carbon atoms) are similar to those of carbohydrates and oleic acid (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products Nutrition and Allergies (NDA), 2010; Mensink et al., 2003). However, SFAs are present in foods as mixtures, so that stearic acid and short and medium chain SFAs are consumed in foods that also contain other long-chain SFAs (with 12 to 16 carbon atoms) which are known to increase LDL-cholesterol concentrations.
The Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has been established between the consumption of mixtures of dietary SFAs and an increase in blood cholesterol concentrations, and that replacement of a mixture of SFAs with cis-MUFAs and/or cis-PUFAs in foods or diets on a gram-per-gram basis may help maintain normal blood LDL-cholesterol concentrations.

4. Uwagi do zaproponowanego brzmienia oświadczenia

The Panel considers that the following wording reflects the scientific evidence: “Consumption of saturated fat increases blood cholesterol concentrations; consumption of mono- and/or polyunsaturated fat in replacement of saturated fat contributes to the maintenance of normal blood cholesterol concentrations”.

5. Warunki i możliwe ograniczenia stosowania oświadczenia

The Panel considers that in order to bear the claim, significant amounts of mixed SFAs should be replaced by cis-MUFAs and/or cis-PUFAs in foods or diets on a gram-per-gram basis as per Annex of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 as amended by Regulation (EC) No 116/20106 and in accordance with the Guidance on the implementation of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 of the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health for comparative nutrition claims made on foods7 (section 2.2.3).

Warunki i możliwe ograniczenia stosowania oświadczenia

Must meet minimum requirements, as per Annex to Regulation 1924/2006.