ID 264 -
Miedź
PL: Miedź
EN: Copper
Pdf: copper
Oświadczenie (4)
- Miedź przyczynia się do prawidłowego funkcjonowania układu odpornościowego
1. Charakterystyka żywności / składnika
The food constituent that is the subject of the health claim is copper which is a well recognised nutrient and is measurable in foods by established methods.
Copper occurs naturally in foods and is authorised for addition to foods (Annex I of the Regulation (EC) No 1925/20064 and Annex I of Directive 2002/46/EC5). This evaluation applies to copper naturally present in foods and those forms authorised for addition to foods (Annex II of the Regulation (EC) No 1925/2006 and Annex II of Directive 2002/46/EC).
The Panel considers that the food constituent, copper, which is the subject of the health claim, is sufficiently characterised.
2.2. Funkcjonowanie układu odpornościowego (ID 264)
The claimed effect is “immune system”. The Panel assumes that the target population is the general population.
The Panel considers that normal function of the immune system is beneficial to human health.
3. Naukowe uzasadnienia wpływu na zdrowie człowieka
Copper is a component of some enzymes, cofactors, and proteins in the body. Among those copper metalloenzymes that have been identified in humans are: monoamine oxidase, diamine oxidase, lysyl oxidase, peptidylglycine-α-amidating monooxygenase, caeruloplasmin, ferrooxidase II, cytohrome c oxidase, dopamine β-hydroxylase, copper/zinc superoxide dismutase, and tyrosinase. The biochemical role of copper is primarily catalytic, with many copper metalloenzymes acting as oxidases to achieve the reduction of molecular oxygen (Biesalski et al., 1997; Garrow et al., 2000; EVM, 2002; Gibney et al., 2002; Mann and Truswell, 2001; Sadler et al., 1999; Wenzel, 1999).
3.2. Funkcjonowanie układu odpornościowego (ID 264)
Copper-related enzyme cytochrome c oxidase is needed for energy production of immune cells. Another cuproenzyme – superoxide dismutase - plays a role in the protection of immune cells against reactive oxygen species. Moderate and even marginal copper deficiency affects some activities of T-lymphocytes and phagocytic cells adversely (Kelley et al, 1995, Hopkins et al., 1999). Severe copper deficiency generally changes the phenotypic profiles of immune cells in blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissues. It also suppresses a number of activities of lymphocytes and phagocytic cells.
Cells of animals fed diets with marginally low copper had markedly impaired in vitro DNA synthesis and IL-2 secretion by mitogen-treated splenic T-lymphocytes and respiratory burst activity of neutrocytes (Hopkins, 1995).
Neutropenia is a hallmark of copper deficiency in humans (Heresi et al. 1985, Prohaska, 2006). However, clinical data confirming the importance of copper in the function of the immune system is sparse. Copper deficiency in humans results in thymus atrophy (Munoz et al., 2007). Hypocupraemic infants fed cow's milk formula containing copper showed normalization of copper and caeruloplasmin concentrations, and phagocytic index recovery to normal levels (Heresi et al, 1985). Infants with Menkes disease, a genetic disorder that results in severe copper deficiency in some tissues, suffer from frequent and severe infections (Percival, 1998; Failla and Hopkins, 1998).
The Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has been established between dietary intake of copper and the normal function of the immune system. However, the evidence provided does not establish that inadequate intake of copper leading to impaired function of the immune system occurs in the general EU population.
4.2. Funkcjonowanie układu odpornościowego (ID 264)
The Panel considers that the following wording reflects the scientific evidence: “Copper contributes to normal function of the immune system”.
5. Warunki i możliwe ograniczenia stosowania oświadczenia
The Panel considers that in order to bear the claim a food should be at least a source of copper as per Annex to Regulation (EC) 1924/2006. Such amounts can be easily consumed as part of a balanced diet. Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) has been established for copper as 5 mg/day in adults and
during pregnancy and lactation. For children and adolescents UL was established as 1 mg/day for 1-3 years, 2 mg/day for 4-6 years, 3 mg/day for 7-10 years, 4 mg/day for 11-17 years (SCF, 2003).
Warunki i możliwe ograniczenia stosowania oświadczenia
Must at least be a source of mineral/s as per annex to regulation 1924/2006