ID 1487 -
Kofeina
PL: Kofeina
EN: Caffeine
Pdf: caffeine
Oświadczenie (2)
- wsparcie spoczynkowe tempo metabolizmu i termogenezy
1. Charakterystyka żywności / składnika
The foods/food constituents that are the subject of the health claims are Coffea arabica L. (coffee) and other Coffea spp., Paullinia cupana Kunth (guarana) and caffeine.
Caffeine is a natural compound present in coffee beans and tea leaves. Other sources include the kola nut, yerba mate, guarana berries and Yaupon Holly. Caffeine is a well characterised substance which can be measured by established methods.
The food/food constituent which is the subject of ID 1101 is “Coffea arabica L. and other spp”. Coffee contains a wide range of compounds including caffeine and other purine derivatives, polyphenolic compounds such as the degradation product caffeic acid, and specific diterpenes such as kahweol and cafestol. No information was provided on the concentration of such compounds in coffee, but these compounds will likely depend on the coffee variety, on the roasting of the beans and, in relation to human consumption, on the brewing process, such as the use of coffee filters. The Panel notes that “caffeine” has been specified as the “active” food constituent that is responsible for the claimed effects considered in this opinion, but the Panel also notes that coffee contains a wide and variable range of compounds, including caffeine.
The food constituents which are the subjects of IDs 2063, 2103 and 2375 are “guarana”, “Paullinia cupana (Common Name: guarana)” and “guarana seed; (Paulina cupana fruit)”. The varieties Paullinia cupana Kunth and Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke are native to the Amazon basin. Guarana is derived from both wild and cultivated plants. The seeds typically contain: caffeine 2.5-5 %, tannins 16 %, saponins, theophylline and theobromine (small quantities) (Carlini, 2003; Houghton, 1995; Scholey and Haskell, 2008). The Panel notes that “caffeine” has been specified as the “active” food constituent which is responsible for the claimed effects considered in this opinion, but the Panel also notes that guarana contains a wide and variable range of compounds, including caffeine.
The Panel considers that, whereas the foods/food constituents Coffea arabica L. and Paullinia cupana Kunth are not sufficiently characterised in relation to the claimed effects evaluated in this opinion, the food constituent caffeine is sufficiently characterised.
2.2. Zwiększenie wydatków energetycznych prowadzące do redukcji masy ciała (ID 1487)
The claimed effect is “support of resting metabolic rate and thermogenesis”. The Panel assumes that the target population is the general population.
Enhancement of resting metabolic rate and thermogenesis is interpreted as an increase in total substrate oxidation (energy expenditure), which is a measurable outcome. An increase in energy expenditure may lead to a decrease in body weight, which is considered a beneficial physiological effect.
The Panel considers that increased energy expenditure leading to a reduction in body weight might be a beneficial physiological effect.
3.2. Zwiększenie wydatków energetycznych prowadzące do redukcji masy ciała (ID 1487)
Among the references provided for the scientific substantiation of the claim were textbooks which did not contain any primary data which could be used for the scientific substantiation of the claim. Eleven human studies investigated acute effects of caffeine intake on energy expenditure (Arciero et al., 1995; 2000; Astrup et al., 1990; Collins et al., 1994; Dulloo et al., 1989; 1999; Engels et al., 1999; Koot and Deurenberg, 1995; MacNaughton et al., 1990; Poehlman et al., 1989; Tagliabue et al., 1994). None of the studies provided assessed the effects of caffeine consumption on body weight or body composition. The Panel considers that no conclusions can be drawn from these references for the scientific substantiation of the claim.
The Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of caffeine and increased energy expenditure leading to a reduction in body weight.
5. Warunki i możliwe ograniczenia stosowania oświadczenia
The Panel considers that, in order to bear the claim, a product should contain at least 75 mg caffeine per serving. The target population is the general adult population.
For children, consumption of a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight could result in transient behavioural changes, such as increased arousal, irritability, nervousness or anxiety (SCF, 1999). In relation to pregnancy and lactation, moderation of caffeine intake, from whatever source, is advisable. A European Commission Directive lays down rules for the labelling of foodstuffs containing caffeine (Directive 2002/67/EC6).
Warunki i możliwe ograniczenia stosowania oświadczenia
The product must contain at least 100 milligrams caffeine per serving or 1-5mg per kilogram body weight per serving
Claim to be used for foods for active individuals
Beverages must comply with the labelling requirements laid down by Directive 2002/67/EC