ID 1418 - Zamienniki posiłków

PL: Zamienniki posiłków
EN: Meal replacement for weight control (as defined in Directive 96/8/EC energy restricted diets for weight reduction)
Pdf:

Oświadczenie (4)

Oświadczenie (2)

1. Charakterystyka żywności / składnika

The food that is the subject of the health claims is “meal replacement for weight control”, which is defined in Directive 96/8/EC5 on foods intended for use in energy-restricted diets for weight reduction. Briefly, the energy provided by a meal replacement shall not be less than 840 kJ (200 kcal) and shall not exceed 1 680 kJ (400 kcal) per meal. Meal replacements for weight loss shall provide not less than 25 % and not more than 50 % of the total energy of the product as protein, not more than 30 % of the total available energy as fat, not less than 1 g of linoleic acid (in the form of glycerides), at least 30 % of the dietary reference values for adults of vitamins and minerals, and at least 500 mg of potassium per meal.
The Panel considers that the food, "meal replacement for weight control", which is the subject of the health claims is sufficiently characterised in relation to the claimed effects.

2.2. Utrzymanie masy ciała po odchudzaniu (ID 1418)

The claimed effect is “maintenance of weight loss”. The Panel assumes that the target population is overweight subjects in the general population who wish to maintain their body weight after significant weight loss.
Maintenance of weight loss can be interpreted as the contribution to the maintenance of a normal body weight after significant weight loss. In this context, the maintenance of weight loss in overweight subjects without achieving a normal body weight is considered beneficial to health.
The Panel considers that the maintenance of body weight after weight loss is a beneficial physiological effect.

3.2. Utrzymanie masy ciała po odchudzaniu (ID 1418)

A total of 14 references were submitted for substantiation of the claimed effect. A number of these references were not considered as pertinent to the claim because of their short follow-up (Anderson et al., 2004; Heber et al., 1994; Winick et al., 2002), were based on pharmacologically treated type 2
diabetic subjects, which are not representative of the target population (Redmon et al., 2003; Yip et al., 2001), did not report on original data (e.g., duplicates, letters and comments), or were limited to abstracts with no sufficient information available for a full scientific evaluation.
The meta-analyses by Heymsfield et al. (2003) described in section 3.1. included most of the single studies cited in relation to the claim on the effects of meal replacements on weight loss. As the greatest weight loss with this strategy is achieved during the first three months of the intervention, during which at least two meals are substituted with meal replacements, the Panel considers that data on further weight loss achieved after this period (from three months to one year in the meta-analysis by Heymsfield et al., 2003), during which usually one meal and one snack are substituted with meal replacements, can be taken into consideration for the substantiation of a claim on body weight maintenance after weight loss.
Three additional references reporting longer follow-ups of some of the studies included in the meta- analysis by Heymsfield et al., (2003) were also considered pertinent to the claimed effect (Ditschuneit et al., 1999; Flechtner-Mors et al., 2000; Rothacker, 2000). These references reported sustained weight loss after a total of 27 months (Ditschuneit et al., 1999) that was maintained after 4 years (-8.4 % of initial body weight) (Flechtner-Mors et al., 2000) with one meal and one snack replacements. Rothacker (2000) also reported that 84 overweight women and 50 overweight males who received a self-managed meal replacement weight control program for 5 years lost 4.2 and 5.8 kg (respectively) in that period, compared to matched controls who gained 6.5 and 6.7 kg, respectively, during the same period of time.
Reference was made in the consolidated list to the recommendations of the American Dietetic Association (ADA) on meal replacements for weight loss and weight maintenance (for link see item 3.1.). The ADA reports that the evidence for that recommendation is strong and based on eight RCTs, three nonrandomised clinical trials, and good-quality meta-analysis reporting equivalent or greater weight loss in subjects receiving a diet containing 1–3 daily meal replacements (Ahrens et al., 2003; Allison et al, 2003; Ashley et al, 2001; Ditschuneit et al, 1999; Ditschuneit et al, 2001; Flechtner- Mors et al, 2000; Hannum et al, 2004; Heber et al, 1994; Heymsfield et al, 2003; Mattes, 2002; Noakes et al, 2004; Rothacker, 2000; Rothacker et al., 2001; Winick et al, 2002).
Different mechanisms have been proposed by which replacing one or two meals per day by meal replacements could promote the maintenance of body weight after weight loss as compared to traditional energy-restricted diets. Meal replacements appear to increase compliance with energy- restricted programs for weight maintenance after weight loss (Anderson et al., 2004). This finding could be explained in part because they offer an easy and “ready-to-eat” way of restricting energy intake using energy-controlled meals, in part because their (protein-rich, low-fat) macronutrient composition may induce sustained satiety to a greater extent. On the other hand, the (protein-rich, low-fat) macronutrient composition of meal replacements may induce energy inefficiency during negative energy balance by several mechanisms (increasing energy expenditure, sparing lean body mass), which may explain in part their effects on weight maintenance after weight loss (Krieger et al., 2006; Westerterp-Plantenga et al., 2009).
In weighing the evidence, the Panel took into account that most of the studies presented reported significantly better weight maintenance after weight loss when meal replacements are used in the maintenance phase, that all the meal replacement studies presented used commercial products for the replacement of meals that usually contain up to 250 kcal/serving and generally comply with the characterisation described in section 1, except for a lower protein content expressed on energy basis (generally 18-25 % energy as protein), and that biologically plausible mechanisms have been proposed by which meal replacements could exert the claimed effect, mostly in relation to their controlled energy content and relatively high protein, low fat content.
The Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has been established between the consumption of meal replacements in substitution of regular meals and maintenance of body weight after weight loss.

4.2. Utrzymanie masy ciała po odchudzaniu (ID 1418)

The following wording reflects the scientific evidence: “Substituting one or two daily meals with meal replacements helps to maintain body weight after weight loss.”.

5.2. Utrzymanie masy ciała po odchudzaniu (ID 1418)

In order to bear the claims, a food should contain a maximum of 250 kcal/serving and comply with specifications laid down in Directive 96/8/EC in relation to food products under Article 1 (2b) of that Directive. In order to achieve the claimed effect, one or two meals should be substituted with meal replacements daily. The target population is overweight subjects in the general population who wish to maintain their body weight after significant weight loss.

Warunki i możliwe ograniczenia stosowania oświadczenia

Replace one meal a day as a weight maintenance strategy/to keep the weight off