ID 1150 -
Gumy do żucia bez cukru
PL: Gumy do żucia bez cukru
EN: Sugar-free chewing gum
Pdf: sugar-free chewing gum
Oświadczenie (4)
- Bezcukrowe gumy do żucia pomagają neutralizować kwas zawarty w osadzie nazębnym
Oświadczenie (2)
- do wsparcia neutralizacji kwasu tablicy
1. Charakterystyka żywności / składnika
The food that is the subject of the health claim is sugar-free chewing gum. The composition of the gum, i.e. gum base and sweetening agent, is unspecified. The characteristic components of chewing gums are the gum base, which may comprise a complex mixture of elastomers, natural and synthetic resins, fats, emulsifiers, waxes, antioxidants, and filler, and the sweetening and flavouring agents (Rømer Rassing, 1996; Imfeld, 1999). The common characteristic of sugar-free chewing gums is the absence of fermentable carbohydrates (Edgar, 1998; Ly et al., 2008). The ingredients are well characterised, can be measured by established methods, and the principles of the manufacturing process have been described (Rømer Rassing, 1996). Many ingredients in the gum base and most sweetening agents used in sugar-free chewing gums occur naturally in foods.
Gums with specific active ingredients, such as urea, carbamide or fluoride, are not included in this evaluation.
The Panel considers that the food, sugar-free chewing gum, which is the subject of the health claims, is sufficiently characterised in relation to the claimed effects.
2.2. Neutralizacja kwasu w osadzie nazębnym (ID 1150)
The claimed effect is “to support plaque acid neutralisation”. The Panel assumes that the target population is the general population.
Acid is produced in plaque through the fermentation of carbohydrates by acid-producing bacteria. Lowering plaque pH contributes to demineralisation of tooth tissues.
The Panel considers that plaque acid neutralisation is beneficial to human health.
3. Naukowe uzasadnienia wpływu na zdrowie człowieka -
Chewing and taste confer physiologic stimulation to the secretory cells of the salivary glands via autonomic nerve signalling (Anderson et al., 1998; Wong, 2008). At rest, low amounts of saliva are secreted (mean 0.2 ml/min), but chewing and taste stimulation may increase saliva flow more than 10 fold. Elevated secretion is maintained even after extended stimulation. The main component of saliva is water, with rinsing and dilution effects. Saliva also contains an array of other components (e.g. minerals, mucins and other proteins and peptides) with relevant biological functions, such as buffering of acids, bacteria regulatory effects, lubrication, or crystal formation (Screebny, 2000; Wong, 2008). The relationship between flow rate and concentrations of various saliva components varies. As flow rate increases, the concentration of calcium and bicarbonate in saliva increases, whereas the concentration of many proteins decreases significantly (Anderson et al., 1998; Wong, 2008).
Salivary factors of possible relevance for “oral health” differ between tissues. For the hard tissues (i.e., enamel, dentin), rinsing of debris, dilution, de- and remineralisation, pH neutralisation, and regulation of the bacterial community on the teeth are relevant, whereas flushing and innate immunity proteins and peptides, among others, are relevant for soft tissues (Screebny, 2000; Wong, 2008).
Tooth hydroxyapatite crystals are very resistant to dissolution at neutral pH, but their solubility drastically increases as pH drops. Typically the critical pH for dental enamel is around 5.5 and for dentin 6.2. Buffering of acids (i.e. pH normalisation) and limiting the duration of periods of pH drop resulting from metabolic acid production by saccharolytic bacteria at carbohydrate exposure may
prevent demineralisation and promote remineralisation of the hydroxyapatite crystals. Calcium, phosphate, and fluoride in saliva, plaque fluid, and the inter-crystal water are key components for maintaining intact hydroxyapatite crystals. If appropriate concentrations of these ions are available (ionic equilibrium), demineralised crystals may re-mineralise when pH rises. Thus, any actions contributing to the ionic equilibrium may prevent demineralisation and promote remineralisation of the hydroxyapatite crystals (ten Cate et al., 2008).
In the absence of fermentable carbohydrates, no clinically relevant reduction on plaque pH may be expected by the consumption of sugar-free chewing gum (FDA, 1996; Edgar, 1998; Imfeld, 1999; Touger-Decker and van Loveren, 2003).
3.1. Neutralizacja kwasu w osadzie nazębnym (ID 1150)
The pH in dental plaque can be measured by established methods (Lingström et al., 1993). Saliva contains bicarbonate, phosphates and peptides, which contribute to buffering of acids (Wong, 2008). Secretion of bicarbonate increases markedly as saliva flow rate increases (Anderson et al., 1998; Wong, 2008).
The evidence provided by consensus opinions/reports from authoritative bodies, reviews and scientific original papers shows that there is good consensus on the role of chewing (e.g., a gum) in the stimulation of saliva flow and the secretion of buffering components (Edgar, 1990; Edgar, 1998; Manning and Edgar, 1993; Edgar et al., 2004; Imfeld, 1999; Anderson et al., 1998; Wong, 2008). A large number of studies confirm that chewing a sugar-free chewing gum enhances saliva flow and counteracts pH drops upon sugar-induced acid production by oral bacteria in the plaque (Nyvad, 1995; Gopinath et al., 1997; Imfeld et al., 1995; Sjögren et al., 2002; Smith et al., 2004). However, plaque pH normalisation may revert (fall again) if chewing is terminated earlier than 20 minutes after the sugar challenge (Dawes and Dibdin, 2001). Therefore, chewing for at least 20 minutes after meals may be needed to obtain the benefit of plaque pH neutralisation (Edgar and Geddes, 1990). The effect of chewing on plaque pH neutralisation will depend on the integrity of the salivary gland parenchyma and on the individual´s secretory capacity (Screebny, 2000).
The Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has been established between the consumption of sugar-free chewing gum and plaque acid neutralisation.
4.1. Neutralizacja kwasu w osadzie nazębnym (ID 1150)
The Panel considers that the following wording reflects the scientific evidence: “Sugar-free chewing gum helps neutralise plaque acids”.
5.1. Neutralizacja kwasu w osadzie nazębnym (ID 1150)
The Panel considers that, in order to obtain the claimed effect, sugar-free chewing gum should be used for at least 20 minutes after eating or drinking. The target population is the general population.
The use of chewing gum should be avoided in children less than three years of age owing to a high choking hazard.
Warunki i możliwe ograniczenia stosowania oświadczenia
Use after eating or drinking